Words to Learn Lithosphere, magma, sediments, minerals, native elements, crystals, lustre, streak, hardness
2
9.2 Hot Rocks
Make non working model of volcano using cardboard, cellophane, + +
e-lesson –Volcanoes (eles-0130) Inquiry investigation 9.2 (Does fast cooling make a difference?) eBook plus- (weblinks section)Who am I rock game – question 10 investigate Rock cycle animation-weblinks
p282 Understanding and Inquiring questions Worksheet 9.2
Words to Learn Palaeontologists, relative age, mould, trace fossils, extinct,
8
9.8 Questioning and predicting
P302 Understanding and Inquiring questions
Class Notes
Igneous rocks
Have been formed fro molten material. Some are spewed out of volcanoes. These are caled extrusive rocks. They have very small crystals eg BASALT. Some have tiny holes where gas was trapped eg PUMICE.
Rocks that are formed underground are called intrusive rocks ( or Plutonic rocks) They have large crystals that might have cooled over 100s of years . An example is GRANITE
Crystals experiment
Aim: Investigate the cooling rate and crystal size
Hypothesis: The faste a solution cools the smaller the crystals
Method
Make an alum solution by half fillinfg a test tube with alum crystal and covering with water
heat gently
when dissolved halve the solution betwee 2 testubes
put one in ice and the other in air
add a half spatula of alum to each solution
Observe
Complete the igneous rocks worksheet
Crystal size -
Examples of small crystal rock is basalt and rhyolite
Examples of large crystal rock is granite
Making crystal experiment is a good explanation for the cooling of molten rock because it shows how the different temperatures can lead to big crystal (slow cooling) and small crystals (fast cooling)
Hmwk Questions
p 296 q 1, 3, 5, and 8
Sedimentary rocks
complete the ques p 299 ques 1 to 5
Complete the sedimentary rock work sheet
Metamorphic rocks
complete ques p 302 q 1 to 8
Complete the metamorphic rock work sheet
There are 2 ways metamorphic rocks can be formed and that is by contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism.
Contact metamorphism occurs when igneous rock touch a sedimentary rock and the heat of the igneous rock partially melts the sedimentary rock. This high heat could cause it to change into slate, quartzite or marble. Regional metamorphism applies heat and pressure over a wide distance - many kilometres. And this pressure causes the temperature of the rocks to rise and metamorphosis begins.
Often both contact and regional metamorphosis happens at the same time. Depending on how close the sedimentary rock is to the source of heat or pressure we get different sedimentary rocks.
Shale ---->slate----->schist------>gneiss
no heat some h+p lots h+p masses of heat and pressure
The rock cycle -
Complete the rock cycle work sheet
Whats in a rock?
When you see a rock with different colours you can guess it is made from different chemical compounds. These compounds form crystals and grains we see in the igneous and sedimentary rocks. These compounds that make up crystals give the crystals their special shape and colour. Its the reason why amethyst is purple and diamonds are clear. But you can get red diamonds and pink diamonds and yellow diamonds. The main element in a diamond is carbon. When a diamond is not clear the diamond might be infected with a small amount of another element like iron - which might give the pink colour.
These different coloured compounds have different properties. They include hardness, lustre and streak colour and crystal shape.
Hardness is determined by seeing what can scratch the mineral and then positioning it on Moh's Hardness scale- we will do this in an expt.
Lustre refers to how shiny the mineral is. It may range from vitreous (very shiny) to waxy or dull.
Streak is the colour of the line that is left when a mineral is scratched across the back of a white tile.
crystal shape is often measured in angles or describes the cleavage of the crystal. Cleavage is a term that describes the way (or direction) a rock will break. For example calcite general breaks in little cubes. So we describe its cleavage as being in three directions at about 90 degrees.
These compounds are called minerals when we are talking about rocks.
Compounds = Minerals ---------> crystals or grains --------------> rock
Exercise - Finding the characteristics of minerals in rocks
Identifying minerals
1. Two common rocks are composed of the minerals shown in the images at right. Limestone contains calcite, and sandstone contains quartz.
Calcite
Quartz
The following table provides information about the properties of these minerals.
Mineral
Colour
Streak (colour of powdered mineral)
Hardness
Lustre
Calcite
Colourless, white
White
3
Dull to vitreous
Quartz
Colourless, purple, red, yellow
White
7
Vitreous
Biotite mica
Black
brown
2
shiny vitreous
Feldspar (orthoclase or plagioclase)
white, pink,
white
5-6
waxy or vitreous shiny
Galena
black grey crystals
grey
6
shiny
Gypsum
white (pink)
white
2
dull
Mineral observations
Mineral
Gypsum
Calcite
Orthoclaise Feldspar
Apatite
Quartz
Corrundum_
Colour
clear
orange
green (amazonite)
brown
pink
cream and brown
Texture
smooth
waxy
smooth and rough
smooth
rough and waxy
rough
Lustre
shiny vitreous
shiny
dull /shiny on cut surfaces
glossy
shiny
dull
Crystal shape
flat
unclear
unclear
irregular hexagon
unclear
cylindrical to a point/ 6 sided at times
Hardness
2
3
6
5
7
9
Streak
white
white
white
white maybe very hard
Research task Mining
Choose an ore that is mined for its commercial value - eg bauxite for aluminium
make a mini poster that will show
1. what the ore looks like as it is mined
2. what is the mining process
3. how the valuable element is separated form the ore - a picture would be good here
4. what the final product looks like
5. places this element is used
Here is an example that addresses point 1, 4, and 5
Research 3 mining companies from the list below (choose one from each group)
BHP, Santos, Woodside,RIO Tinto
Fortescue, , Lehir, Oz minerals
Mt Gibson, Illuka, Atlas mines
,
Name the company, what is its value (in dollars) what is its share price
find out what the company mines and where.
Find out if the local people like the mining being there and if they do (or don't) why
Find out what happens to the minerals that are mined
How are they extracted from the ore - what sort of pollution has to be taken into account.
9.5 Mining for metals
We mine for metals and precious stones in the Earth’s crust. This includes above ground under water and deep under ground. Metals are rarely found in lumps (the exceptions are gold and silver which are unreactive) most metallic elements have reacted with some oxygen and silicon making a compound. This is the ore. To extract the metallic element from the compound ore we have to a) mine the ore by removing the overburden and topsoil b) use extraction techniques like - crushing, grinding and washing the rock to remove minerals from the unwanted rock. Metal extraction to obtain metal element from mineral involves chemical reactions, which depends on the chemical composition of the mineral ore.
The galapagos video
Watch the "Born of Fire" chapter of the Galapagos movie and write a paragraph to explain how the rock cycle is evident on the Galapagos islands.
Staff should aim to complete a dot point per lesson so that the topic runs for 4 weeks
TEXTBOOK
HOMEWORK
Atlantis: the evidence a movie about history archeology and geology
Worksheet 9.1
A brief introduction to minerals.
https://youtu.be/8a7p1NFn64s
Identifying minerals
https://youtu.be/32NG9aeZ7_c
Lithosphere, magma, sediments, minerals, native elements, crystals, lustre, streak, hardness
Make non working model of volcano using cardboard, cellophane, + +
Inquiry investigation 9.2 (Does fast cooling make a difference?)
eBook plus- (weblinks section)Who am I rock game – question 10 investigate
Rock cycle animation-weblinks
Worksheet 9.2
Igneous rocks
https://youtu.be/aCnAF1Opt8M
igneous rocks, extrusive rocks, pumice, scoria, abrasive, basalt, obsidian, intrusive rocks, batholiths, Granite
Inquiry: Investigation 9.4(Identifying sedimentary rocks)
fossils
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopteris
Worksheets 9.3
Sedimentary rocks
https://youtu.be/Etu9BWbuDlY
Sedimentary rocks, floodplains, glaciers, moraines, sandstone, mudstone, shale, siltstone, conglomerate, limestone, coal, rock salt.
Metamorphic rocks
Crayon Rock cycle (see pdf)
Interactive int-0234
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv4M4wror58
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53lMdHzvGCQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53lMdHzvGCQ
Worksheets 9.4
Worksheets 9.5
more metamorphic videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oQ1J0w3x0o
metamorphic rocks
https://youtu.be/1oQ1J0w3x0o
Metamorphism, metamorphic rocks, slate, shale, marble, gneiss,
Froth Flotation using dirt, straw and detergent.
Rock Cycle animation
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm
Mineral ores, mining, environmental impact statement (EIS), rehabilitated, overburden, open-cut mining, underground mining,
(Time dependent)
Stone age, alloy, flint, percussion flaking
Weblinks ebookplus see p313 rhs
Worksheet 9.6
Palaeontologists, relative age, mould, trace fossils, extinct,
Class Notes
Igneous rocks
Have been formed fro molten material. Some are spewed out of volcanoes. These are caled extrusive rocks. They have very small crystals eg BASALT. Some have tiny holes where gas was trapped eg PUMICE.Rocks that are formed underground are called intrusive rocks ( or Plutonic rocks) They have large crystals that might have cooled over 100s of years . An example is GRANITE
Crystals experiment
Aim: Investigate the cooling rate and crystal size
Hypothesis: The faste a solution cools the smaller the crystals
Method
Make an alum solution by half fillinfg a test tube with alum crystal and covering with water
heat gently
when dissolved halve the solution betwee 2 testubes
put one in ice and the other in air
add a half spatula of alum to each solution
Observe
Complete the igneous rocks worksheet
Crystal size -
Examples of small crystal rock is basalt and rhyolite
Examples of large crystal rock is granite
Making crystal experiment is a good explanation for the cooling of molten rock because it shows how the different temperatures can lead to big crystal (slow cooling) and small crystals (fast cooling)
Hmwk Questions
p 296 q 1, 3, 5, and 8
Sedimentary rocks
complete the ques p 299 ques 1 to 5Complete the sedimentary rock work sheet
Metamorphic rocks
complete ques p 302 q 1 to 8Complete the metamorphic rock work sheet
There are 2 ways metamorphic rocks can be formed and that is by contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism.
Contact metamorphism occurs when igneous rock touch a sedimentary rock and the heat of the igneous rock partially melts the sedimentary rock. This high heat could cause it to change into slate, quartzite or marble. Regional metamorphism applies heat and pressure over a wide distance - many kilometres. And this pressure causes the temperature of the rocks to rise and metamorphosis begins.
Often both contact and regional metamorphosis happens at the same time. Depending on how close the sedimentary rock is to the source of heat or pressure we get different sedimentary rocks.
Shale ---->slate----->schist------>gneiss
no heat some h+p lots h+p masses of heat and pressure
The rock cycle -
Complete the rock cycle work sheetWhats in a rock?
When you see a rock with different colours you can guess it is made from different chemical compounds. These compounds form crystals and grains we see in the igneous and sedimentary rocks. These compounds that make up crystals give the crystals their special shape and colour. Its the reason why amethyst is purple and diamonds are clear. But you can get red diamonds and pink diamonds and yellow diamonds. The main element in a diamond is carbon. When a diamond is not clear the diamond might be infected with a small amount of another element like iron - which might give the pink colour.These different coloured compounds have different properties. They include hardness, lustre and streak colour and crystal shape.
- Hardness is determined by seeing what can scratch the mineral and then positioning it on Moh's Hardness scale- we will do this in an expt.
- Lustre refers to how shiny the mineral is. It may range from vitreous (very shiny) to waxy or dull.
- Streak is the colour of the line that is left when a mineral is scratched across the back of a white tile.
- crystal shape is often measured in angles or describes the cleavage of the crystal. Cleavage is a term that describes the way (or direction) a rock will break. For example calcite general breaks in little cubes. So we describe its cleavage as being in three directions at about 90 degrees.
These compounds are called minerals when we are talking about rocks.Compounds = Minerals ---------> crystals or grains --------------> rock
Exercise - Finding the characteristics of minerals in rocks
Identifying minerals
1. Two common rocks are composed of the minerals shown in the images at right. Limestone contains calcite, and sandstone contains quartz.Mineral observations
Gypsum
Calcite
Orthoclaise Feldspar
Apatite
Quartz
Corrundum_
Research task Mining
Choose an ore that is mined for its commercial value - eg bauxite for aluminiummake a mini poster that will show
1. what the ore looks like as it is mined
2. what is the mining process
3. how the valuable element is separated form the ore - a picture would be good here
4. what the final product looks like
5. places this element is used
Here is an example that addresses point 1, 4, and 5
Research 3 mining companies from the list below (choose one from each group)
BHP, Santos, Woodside,RIO Tinto
Fortescue, , Lehir, Oz minerals
Mt Gibson, Illuka, Atlas mines
,
9.5 Mining for metals
We mine for metals and precious stones in the Earth’s crust. This includes above ground under water and deep under ground.Metals are rarely found in lumps (the exceptions are gold and silver which are unreactive) most metallic elements have reacted with some oxygen and silicon making a compound. This is the ore. To extract the metallic element from the compound ore we have to
a) mine the ore by removing the overburden and topsoil
b) use extraction techniques like - crushing, grinding and washing the rock to remove minerals from the unwanted rock. Metal extraction to obtain metal element from mineral involves chemical reactions, which depends on the chemical composition of the mineral ore.
The galapagos video
Watch the "Born of Fire" chapter of the Galapagos movie and write a paragraph to explain how the rock cycle is evident on the Galapagos islands.